The Construction Of A House Or Buildings Construction Essay

The Construction Of A House Or Buildings Construction Essay In this modern world an builders faces lots of challenges in the construction of a house or buildings to compete the world in the form that how to make a modern house or building which is environment friendly, energy saving and low cost etc, such sort of problems putting pressure on builders now a days. Because of the rising cost of the material which is used in traditional construction methods which are unlikely to meet the demands for future developments. Thats why more and more builders or designer are now understand the benefits of the development of modern material which are gradually used in the buildings now a days. Housing associations are now encouraging the housing corporation to use the modern ways of construction known as modern methods of construction when building new developments. This policy is a direct result of the Governments response to a number of drivers that have resulted in what it perceives to be a crisis in housing supply. In areas of growth, house construction in the private sector has tended to focus on the production of traditional houses either semi-separate family homes or larger separate executive homes. These private sector dwellings are beyond the reach of most first time buyers, particularly key-workers in comparatively low-paid jobs in the public sector. The Government is looking to housing associations to give dwellings for those who cant afford to buy the house. The Housing Corporation is the key agency regulating The Housing Corporation is the key agency regulating delivery of housing in the social housing sector. They assist with delivery of policy via grants awarded through the Approved Development Programme (ADP). A proportion of the ADP has been ring-fenced (The Challenge Fund) for the delivery of new homes quickly and cost effectively, in areas of high demand as well as stimulating a step change in supply by encouraging innovative forms of construction. In the face of the support from political and regulatory authorities to make greater use of modern methods, lots of stakeholders are still unsure about modern methods of construction for some of reasons. In the case of housing associations there is doubt about whether or not modern methods are able to deliver energy efficient homes at good reasonable prices. This pamphlet aims to demonstrate that homes that cross the requirements of building regulations in sense of their material efficiency can be built cost-effectively. SIPS Structural insulated composite panels are one of the most satisfying technologies in the construction industry. Started in the years of 1940s when the new sandwich design concept was generated, where there were two wooden materials and a different element between them generating maximum strength to the structure. Design As mentioned earlier, the SIP has an insulated structure between two wooden boards. This most commonly used materials are expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS) or rigid polyurethane foam. Figure : STRUCTURAL INSULATED COMPOSITE PANELS Figure : STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELSOther materials can also be used for example, steel, aluminium, stainless steel, fibre-reinforced plastic, and magnesium oxide.http://www.wbs-ltd.co.uk/images/photos/newbuild_mmc_sips1a.gif Advantages the structure is more Tougher and stronger due to the sandwich pattern of the material More insulated than any of the materials Less operating cost and can be used almost everywhere for eg. Roof, floor, walls etc. Drawbacks The manufacturing and the production can take some time Expensive manufacturing cost Have to prevent the composite from moister and keep it ventilated The material creeps over time Figure : VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONVOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONhttp://www.scrapbookscrapbook.com/DAC-ART/images/hoodsinside.jpg The volumetric construction is also, known as the modular construction. This kind of construction is mostly used at places where the employer cannot afford waste time and material for e.g. a busy road, a hospital etc. Design The construction components are manufactured and processed and are stacked onto prepared foundations to form dwelling. The materials used to make the components include light gauge steel frame, timber frame, concrete and composites. Advantages Saves time and also the labour cost. Can reduce the waste significantly generated during construction and also comparatively the least amongst other construction methods It is the most efficient when using identical units as it is the same common production line used. Improved quality compared to the other construction methods Disadvantages Setting up a manufacturing and production line could be a major concern issue when considering cost Transporting could be expensive depending upon the size of components Also, installations and other factors would affect the construction workers if the components are heavy or complex structure and have to be perfectly installed STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION The steel frame construction is usually used for constructing bigger structures like building, sky scrapers etc due to its durability and toughness. The SFC is one of the most efficient construction methods which use steel beams, T shaped and I shaped beams as to resist the stresses. Design Figure : STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTIONOakridge, a development of 299 dwellings for Sentinel Housing Group, utilised light gauge steel frame panellised construction for the first two phases. The homes, constructed from steel frames manufactured by Ayrshire Steel Framing, share standardised layouts visual variety was achieved externally by incorporating a variety of physical features (such as bays, dormers and balconies) along with a variety of finishes (different coloured renders, brick and timber cladding). Dormers and balconies were also prefabricated in glass reinforced plastic (GRP).http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/raleighdurham/images/7-frame-construction.jpg 2. Advantages of Steel Frame Construction: They can build very high and large They are light weight and strong They are easy to fix or assemble They are accurate and predictable 3. Disadvantages of Steel Frame Construction: Steel is an expensive material Frames are unstable These types of frames needs fire protection They needs separate skin TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION Figure : TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTIONTimber frame is a modern method of construction that offers an important high-quality solution to the many housing and construction challenges facing the UK.As one of the leading modern methods of construction, timber frame has grown consistently year on year. Its regarded as a means of achieving good quality, reducing time spent on-site, increasing safety and overcoming skills shortages in the industry, and will play a very important role in the formation of homes in sustainable communities by 2016.http://www.lizmale.co.uk/uploadFiles/mciFiles/Timber_frame_construction1.jpg Design Wood is the only renewable commercial building material and as a way of construction is effectively carbon neutral. When you use timber frame youre actively helping to reduce the belongings of global warming. Further improved by its low embodied energy and excellent insulation properties, it means happy customers with lower heating bills and a good future for the planet. Advantages of Timber Frame Construction In timber frame construction needs small amount of labour. It can be seen that the benefit in terms of time saving on site manifests itself as a saving in construction risk. Timber frame construction is environment friendly but the environmental benefits of timber frame construction are reduced when timber is imported from sources outside non local and requiring substantial fuel consumption in transportation. Disadvantages of Timber Frame Construction Apparently problems with timber frame construction in the housing industry from each end users and local establishment would include a perceived huge risk of fire, problem of sound lessening in a timber structure and the impact such a structure might have on the security of the end user. Basingstoke timber frame construction site fire Figure : CONSTRUCTION FIRE Timber frames are designed and manufactured to tight tolerance and require correct setting and other adjacent construction such as chimneys, rising walls and block construction. As a result, these works need to be set out with a good degree of accuracy. Panels should be stacked on a flat surface so that warping or buckling does not happen. Proper on-site practices and skill of deliveries can address this matter. Where housing is proposed in areas at threat of flooding, the planned construction methods undertaken need to be reviewed in order to measure the possible risks or implications should flooding occur. BRICK and MORTAR CONSTRUCTION Figure : BRICK AND MORTAR CONSTRUCTIONBrick is a timeless, classic building material. The Chinese, and Egyptians understood the value of this simplest of rectangular solids over three thousand years ago. Brick structures still stand that were already ancient at the time of Christ. Invented in antiquity, brick remains the one exterior building material with a human scale, rich variegated colours, and flexibility of use. Modern man has crafted building materials from concrete, plastic, glass and steel, but none approach this unique elementary product. http://www.chemexfranchises.co.uk/anglesey/images/construction.jpg Design The brick making process is unchanged from primitive times in its necessary elements. A modern brick plant carries out the same functions that a Babylonian craftsman once performed. That craftsman mortar and sand, mixed the two with water to form a flexible clay mass or clot, formed the clot in a wooden mould, dried the green, unfired brick in the sun, baked it to nearly 2000 degrees, and cooled the now permanent brick, which then went to the mason to be laid in mortar to become part of a temple, Great Wall, or simple home. Figure : BRICK AND MORTAR CONSTRUCTIONAdvantages of Brick and Mortar constructionhttp://www.bandwbuilders.co.uk/ImageHandler.ashx?UploadedFile=trueimage=~/App_Data/UserImages/Image/11125%20100910%20001.jpg The bricks walls protects the houses from noises thats comes from outside. Bricks are beautiful when we go to the residential area we can compare the beauty of brick structure to the other structural work like steel, wood etc. Brick structures are easy to maintain and there is nearly no cost to maintain the exterior of an all brick home. Bricks will not burn and in those disastrous situations where a fire does occur it will certainly not fuel the situation. Disadvantages of Brick and MORTOAR CONSTRUCTION The one main disadvantage of bricks and mortar is the high cost of both material and labour. Bricks and mortar construction is much sturdier than wooden homes because of the thickness, hardness and weight of the materials used to build the home bricks and mortar construction is very old traditional construction. ANALYSES AND EVALUATION For the particular construction, the author supposes that the steel frame construction would be the best possible way to build the structure. As the main concern is time efficiency it would be quicker and easier to install the steel frame structure and to complete the work on time. Talking in terms of cost efficiency and reliability, in the steel frame structure has to be compromised in one of the two factors. The demand of this kind of structure is to be tough and reliable and therefore have to spend some money on the manufacturing of the steel frames and also keeping the quality into consideration. The manufacturing cost and the transportation cost would be the only concern issues for the company where as the labour cost would be comparatively less. As the steel frames could be easily assembled and fixed. Architecting on the building would be easier and also it would give a freedom to the architect to design his particular construction as the steel frame could be manufactures in almost any possible way. Method Cost Time efficiency Structural reliability Environmental friendly sustainability SIP Expensive manufacturing cost and nominal labour cost Moderate Good Moderate Best Volumetric construction Expensive manufacturing and labour cost Good Moderate Moderate Less Timber frame construction Nominal cost Less Moderate Less Good Brick and Mortar construction Least amongst all the methods Least Good Less Less Steel Frame Construction Expensive manufacturing cost but cheap labour cost Best Best Best Good SCHEDULING AND PROCEDURES Designing The plan starts by taking the structure into consideration. Keeping the limitations, constrains and the difficulties in mind. The Architecting Part takes place after the cost estimation and the legislations have been considered. The designing process is a time taking process as it helps in knowing all most everything which is to be used in the construction and the quantity of materials which have to be ordered or manufactured. Foundation The execution starts by evacuating the area and excavating to make a foundation for the building. The foundations build is made up of cement, which is a common process for all the construction. During the initial construction, the skeleton of the structure is build by the steel frame construction method. The steel frame construction helps in giving the toughness to the structure and also, the freedom to building almost any kind of structural shape. The concern issues for steel frame structure are as follows: Time delay in manufacturing and transportation Waste parts could affect the expected budget Construction The method suitable with the steel frame structure is the SIPS. The Structural insulated panels can be used in making roofs, floor and also the walls. The reliability and the strength of the combination of the structures would improve the life and the toughness of the building. Concern issues for this kind of construction method are: Weather: it could be a serious issue and could delay the work plan, therefore the construction plan has to be well organised and executed. Labour cost : these kind of construction methods have nominal labour cost but since it is a combination of two types of construction methods, the labour demand could be higher Lastly, legislation: the legislations are the most important factor of concern for the employer and as well as the management. Finishing The finishing consists of the final construction steps like greasing, oiling, painting etc. REFERENCE Figure 1: modern method of construction ; http://www.tommypopeconstruction.com/Building-Construction.htm Date: 3rd may 2011 time: 4:00pm Figure 2 : Modern building; Shift Housing by AquiliAlberg Date: 3rd may 2011 time: 4:20 Figure 3 : http://www.thermalconstruction.co.uk/about-us-1 DATE: 9th may 2011 11:41 Figure 4 : SIPS http://www.wbs-ltd.co.uk/newbuild_mmc_sips.htm Date: 9th may 2011 12:00 Figure 5: VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION http://www.scrapbookscrapbook.com/DAC-ART/dac-artblocks.html Date: 10th may 2011 1:12pm Figure 6: STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/raleighdurham/raleighdurham7.html Date: 10th may 2011 1:30pm Figure 7 : TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION http://www.lizmale.co.uk/clients-case-studies/uktfa Date: 10th may 2011 1:35pm Figure 8: CONSTRUCTION FIRE http://faast.co.uk/2010/09/15/basingstoke-timber-frame-frame-fire-prompts-construction-fire-safety-warnings/ Date: 11th may 2011 2:00pm Figure 9 : BRICK AND MORTAR CONSTRUCTION http://www.chemexfranchises.co.uk/anglesey/construction.html Date: 11th may 2011 2:10pm Figure : BRICK AND MORTAR CONSTRUCTION http://www.bandwbuilders.co.uk/blog Date: 11th may 2011 4:00

Buck of Jack Londons The Call of the Wild :: Call of the Wild Essays

Buck of The Call of the Wild The main character of the novel, The Call of the Wild, is a St. Bernard and Scotch Shepherd mix, named Buck. As I read the book, I found out that Buck can be very loyal and trustworthy to his master, if his master is loyal to him. Also, at times I found that Buck could turn into an enraged beast very easily.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At home, which was a large house called Judge Miller’s Place, in the sun kissed Santa Clara Valley in California, Buck ruled over all of the dogs that were there. Buck was Judge Miller’s inseparable companion, until a man named Manuel, who was one the gardener’s helpers, committed a treacherous act. In order to cover his Chinese lottery gambling debts, he stole Buck from his sound sleep and brought him to a flag station called College Park. There, the exchanging of money took place. Buck was loaded onto an express car to Seattle. On his way to Seattle, he found that a man in a red sweater repeatedly beat him. From then on, I knew that Buck would never forget that experience. In that part of the book, I found out that Buck was now an enraged animal and could only be tamed by repeatedly being hit with a club or a whip.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point of the book, I was thinking about Judge Miller. He would’ve sent out a message or an investigation in order to find Buck. Because Judge Miller had a big house to live in, the book implied that he was wealthy. The trip to Seattle must of taken days and by then, Judge Miller would’ve been worried sick about his inseparable companion. As the story goes on, Buck’s first experience of snow left him feeling pretty stupid. When the train got to the station in Seattle, two men named Perrault and Francois bought him. Then, they put him on a ship called the Narwhal. At this point of the book, I was thinking about the cruelty of animals and how the humans treated them. It was cruel, but I guess they didn’t care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Narwhal took Buck to the Yukon where he was trained to be a   sled dog. There were other dogs that Buck had grown to know well during his training.

Literature: the Chronicles of Narnia and Fantasy

Fantasy Literature and Fantastic Language Kelli Pearson Eng/290 7/30/2012 Crystal Sands Fantastic Literature and Fantastic Language Fantasy literature is fantasy in written form. Historically speaking, literature has composed the majority of fantasy works. Since the 1960s a segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of movies, television programs, novels, video games, music and other media. Fantasy Language is is a constructed language designed for aesthetic pleasure. Fantasy language has an irregular grammer, much like natural languages. Many are designed within the context of fictional worlds.Others represent fictional minority languages in a world not patently different from the real world, or have no particular fictional background attached. There are several different schools of Fantasy language construction. The most prominent is the naturalist school, which seeks to imitate the complexity and historicity of natural languages and has artistic language. Many do not use this language, but follow a more abstract style. The poem and story that I chose was an African Poem by Walter Dean Myers and the story the Chronicles of Narnia. While choosing the two of these I thought they were very interesting and I wanted to share.The poem is called Jeannie Had a Giggle which recites the words : Jeannie had a giggle just beneath her toes She gave a little wiggle and up her leg it rose. She tried to grab the giggle as it shimmied past her knees But it slid right past her fingers with a â€Å"‘scuse me if you please† It slipped around her middle, it made her jump and shout Jeannie wanted that giggle in, that giggle wanted out! Jeannie closed her mouth, but then she heard a funny sound As out that silly giggle flew and jumped down to the ground. Jeannie caught it with her foot just beneath her toes She gave a little wiggle and up her leg it rose.I chose this poem because I believe this poem is a form of dance. Where as in the African culture they interpre t a lot of movement through dance. African dance teaches values and social patterns to help people work, mature, or praise people in their community. I feel that this poem showed how Jenny was full of Joy from head to toe. This poem expresses that values of the African religion of how they use dance to interpret praise within themselves. The fantasy story that I chose was The Chronicles of Narnia. I chose this story because it is filled with fantasy and full of imagination.According to (Matt Brennan http://cslewis. drzeus. net ) The Narnia Chronicles are surely the most popular works of writer C. S. Lewis. And although they are recognized as children's fantasy novels, they are also popular with students and adults, including many Christian theologians. In the Narnia Chronicles, Lewis identifies the Biblical character of Jesus Christ as the character of Aslan the lion. He retells certain events in the life of Jesus to children. This way it is easier for a children to understand; most importantly, however, children can both relate to and enjoy the fantasy of Narnia.I feel that this story is a great story that uses animals to grasp the attention of the children. Narnia is a land of talking animals, and as children usually find the concept of animals and magical creatures more interesting than that of a historical reality of long ago. This story also has a religious aspect behind its creation. It speaks from the book of Genisis. Narnia proves to be the perfect vehicle for a captivating work of children's literature. Through using animals to create the story gains interest Animals in this story are especially apparent with the use of Aslan the lion as a God figure: â€Å"The Lion opened his mouth†¦ e was breathing out a long, warm breath; it seemed to sway all the beasts as the wind sways a line of trees. † (Lewis, 1988, p. 108). This image of life-giving breath directly correlates to a passage in Genesis: â€Å"The Lord God formed the man from the dus t of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. † (Gen 2:7). I believe that the two compare based on religious beliefs. I have viewed the Chronicles of Narnia and this story seems to have a strong affect on many viewers and I believe it is due to the fantasy of the story but the reality of the biblical times.Aswell as the poem. Its grasp the attention of children because of the laughter but it expresses movements of the traditional praise of how the African culture expresses themselves. The Chronicles of Narnia has been criticized in the past for gender stereotyping. I think that this may have caused a lot of problems with some readers because of how the story was written about Sarah. In my poem I didn’t feel as if it had any stereotyping. The way I see it is that It just basically described a fun loving little girl who enjoys life from head to toe.These two types of literature were very different but I believe that they will both gain the interest of young children. I believe the message that the poem sends to children is that the world is the limits. Go after your dream and most importantly be Happy! The Chronicles of Narnia sends a message that the world of fantasy is real. It gives children the idea to dream and hope. I gives children the belief of following their dreams and believing in yourself. Fantasy is a world of make believe that many children thrive to have. We all have had the urge to follow our dreams.As a child many children have the dream of being a princess and in the story the little girl became a princess and that is a little girls fairy tale just like a little boys to become a warrior. In conclusion children's fantasy plays a big part in literature. Its easy for children to understand what they are reading or being read to. Fantasy to a child is a big part of their lives. They believe in what they read and watch and its up to adults to help them understand better how to use their imagination. References Myers, W. D. (n. d. ). Jenny Had A Giggle. Retrieved from http://cslewis. drzeus. net Retrieved from http://www. wikipedia. com

Overview of Partial Classes in Visual Basic .NET

Partial Classes are a feature of VB.NET that is used almost everywhere, but theres not much written about it. This might be because there are not a lot of obvious developer applications for it yet. The primary use is in the way ASP.NET and VB.NET solutions are created in Visual Studio where its one of those features that is normally hidden. A partial class is simply a class definition that is split into more than one physical file. Partial classes dont make a difference to the compiler because all the files that make up a class are simply merged into a single entity for the compiler. Since the classes are just merged together and compiled, you cant mix languages. That is, you cant have one partial class in C# and another in VB. You cant span assemblies with partial classes either. They all have to be in the same assembly. This is used a lot by Visual Studio itself, especially in web pages where it is a key concept in code behind files. Well see how this works in a Visual Studio, but understanding what changed in Visual Studio 2005 when it was introduced is a good starting point. In Visual Studio 2003, the hidden code for a Windows application was all in a section called a Region marked Windows Form Designer generated code. But it was still all there in the same file and it was easy to view, and change, the code in the Region. All of the code is available to your application in .NET. But since some of it is code that you should almost never mess with, it was kept in that hidden Region. (Regions can still be used for your own code, but Visual Studio doesnt use them anymore.) In Visual Studio 2005 (Framework 2.0), Microsoft did approximately the same thing, but they hid the code in a different place: a partial class in a separate file. You can see this at the bottom of the illustration below: --------Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return-------- One of the syntax differences between Visual Basic and C# right now is that C# requires that all partial classes be qualified with the keyword Partial but VB does not. Your main form in VB.NET doesnt have any special qualifiers. But the default class statement for an empty Windows application looks like this using C#: public partial class Form1 : Form Microsofts design choices on things like this are interesting. When Paul Vick, Microsofts VB designer, wrote about this design choice in his blog Panopticon Central, the debate about it in the comments went on for pages and pages. Lets see how all this works with real code on the next page. On the previous page, the concept of partial classes was explained. We convert a single class into two partial classes on this page. Heres an example class with one method and one property in a VB.NET project Public Class CombinedClass   Ã‚  Ã‚  Private m_Property1 As String   Ã‚  Ã‚  Public Sub New(ByVal Value As String)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  m_Property1 Value   Ã‚  Ã‚  End Sub   Ã‚  Ã‚  Public Sub Method1()   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MessageBox.Show(m_Property1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  End Sub   Ã‚  Ã‚  Property Property1() As String   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Get   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Return m_Property1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  End Get   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Set(ByVal value As String)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  m_Property1 value   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  End Set   Ã‚  Ã‚  End Property End Class This class can be called (for example, in the Click event code for a Button object) with the code: Dim ClassInstance As New _   Ã‚  Ã‚  CombinedClass(About Visual Basic Partial Classes) ClassInstance.Method1() We can separate the properties and methods of the class into different physical files by adding two new class files to the project. Name the first physical file Partial.methods.vb and name the second one Partial.properties.vb. The physical file names have to be different but the partial class names will be the same so Visual Basic can merge them when the code is compiled. Its not a syntax requirement, but most programmers are following the example in Visual Studio of using dotted names for these classes. For example, Visual Studio uses the default name Form1.Designer.vb for the partial class for a Windows form. Remember to add the Partial keyword for each class and change the internal class name (not the file name) to the same name. I used the internal class name: PartialClass. The illustration below shows all of the code for the example and the code in action. --------Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return-------- Visual Studio hides partial classes such as Form1.Designer.vb. On the next page, we learn how to do that with the partial classes we just created. The previous pages explain the concept of partial classes and show how to code them. But Microsoft uses one more trick with the partial classes generated by Visual Studio. One of the reasons for using them is to separate application logic from UI (user interface) code. In a large project, these two types of code might even be created by different teams. If theyre in different files, they can be created and updated with a lot more flexibility. But Microsoft goes one more step and hides the partial code in Solution Explorer as well. Suppose we wanted to hide the methods and properties partial classes in this project? Theres a way, but its not obvious and Microsoft doesnt tell you how. One of the reasons you dont see the use of partial classes recommended by Microsoft is that its not really supported very well in Visual Studio yet. To hide the Partial.methods.vb and Partial.properties.vb classes that we just created, for example, requires a change in the vbproj file. This is an XML file that isnt even displayed in Solution Explorer. You can find it with Windows Explorer along with your other files. A vbproj file is shown in the illustration below. --------Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return-------- The way were going to do this is to add a root class that is completely empty (only the Class header and End Class statement are left) and make both of our partial classes dependent on it. So add another class named PartialClassRoot.vb and again change the internal name to PartialClass to match the first two. This time, I have not used the Partial keyword just to match the way Visual Studio does it. Heres where a little knowledge of XML will come in very handy. Since this file will have to be updated manually, you have to get the XML syntax right. You can edit the file in any ASCII text editor - Notepad works just fine - or in an XML editor. It turns out that you have a great one in Visual Studio and thats what is shown in the illustration below. But you cant edit the vbproj file at the same time that youre editing the project its in. So close the project and open only the vbproj file. You should see the file displayed in the edit window as shown in the illustration below. (Note the Compile elements for each class. DependentUpon sub-elements must be added exactly as shown in the illustration below. This illustration was created in VB 2005 but it has been tested in VB 2008 as well.) --------Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return-------- For many of us, its probably enough to know that partial classes are there, just so we know what they are when were trying to track down a bug in the future. For large and complex systems development, they could be a small miracle because they can help organize code in ways that would have been impossible before. (You can also have partial structures and partial interfaces!) But some people have concluded that Microsoft invented them just for internal reasons - to make their code generation work better. Author Paul Kimmel even went so far as to suggest that Microsoft actually created partial classes to lower their costs by making it easier to outsource development work around the world. Maybe. Its the kind of thing they might do.